Which ancient civilization first used merchant seals as a form of brand positioning, allowing customers to identify the source and presumed quality of goods in marketplaces?

Long before modern marketing, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated brand positioning strategies for their goods. From the renowned purple dyes of Phoenicia to the stamped pottery of Rome, merchants created distinctive market identities. This poll explores how ancient civilizations positioned their products in competitive marketplaces and established what we would now recognize as 'brand value.' Test your knowledge about how the earliest merchants differentiated their wares and created lasting commercial legacies.

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Mesopotamia (specifically the Sumerians, circa 3500 BCE)
Ancient Egypt (during the Old Kingdom period, circa 2600 BCE)
Indus Valley Civilization (circa 2500 BCE)
Ancient China (during the Shang Dynasty, circa 1600 BCE)