What was the original meaning of the term 'Black Friday' before it became associated with post-Thanksgiving shopping?

Shopping festivals around the world reflect cultural values and traditions. While some emerge from ancient customs, others have more recent and sometimes surprising origins. Black Friday, now a global retail phenomenon, has an interesting history that many shoppers may not know. Test your knowledge about how this massive shopping tradition began and how it connects to cultural practices in the United States.

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A financial crisis in 1869 when gold prices collapsed
The day retailers traditionally went from operating at a loss ('in the red') to making a profit ('in the black')
A marketing campaign created by department stores in the 1950s
The day factory workers called in sick after Thanksgiving to extend their holiday