Which retail innovation in the 1800s most dramatically increased Bible ownership and accessibility in the Western world?

Religious texts are some of the most enduring 'products' in human history, with fascinating retail and distribution stories behind them. The way these texts have been marketed, sold, and distributed has evolved dramatically over centuries, reflecting changes in technology, culture, and religious practice. This trivia question explores a pivotal moment in religious text retail history that transformed accessibility and changed how people engage with sacred writings.

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The invention of the 'penny pulpit' subscription model where Bibles were paid for in small weekly installments
The creation of the American Bible Society's steam-powered printing press distribution network
The introduction of leather-bound 'family Bibles' with installment payment plans by department stores
The development of door-to-door Bible salesmen using the newly created commission-based sales model