In retail store design, what is the widely-used 'Gruen Transfer' effect named after architect Victor Gruen?

Retailers use sophisticated psychological techniques to influence consumer behavior through store design. From strategic product placement to sensory marketing, these tactics significantly impact purchasing decisions. This poll tests your knowledge about a specific retail layout strategy that has become an industry standard but remains unknown to many shoppers. Can you identify the correct technique from among these plausible options?

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The moment when consumers transition from purposeful shopping to impulse buying due to store layout disorientation
The practice of placing essential items at the back of stores to force customers to walk past non-essential merchandise
The use of wider aisles at store entrances that gradually narrow to increase perceived product value
The implementation of circular pathways that lead customers through 75% of store inventory regardless of their initial shopping goal