Which innovative geographic distribution strategy did Amazon pioneer in the early 2000s that revolutionized e-commerce logistics?

Amazon's global expansion has revolutionized retail logistics and distribution networks. Their strategic warehouse placements have transformed how products reach customers worldwide. This poll tests your knowledge about a fascinating aspect of Amazon's geographic expansion strategy that changed retail forever and influenced countless other companies' approaches to distribution and market penetration.

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The hub-and-spoke model with centralized mega-warehouses serving entire countries
The 'last mile' fulfillment centers placed strategically near major population centers
The cross-border distribution centers located exclusively at international borders
The vertical integration model with manufacturing facilities adjacent to distribution centers