Which retail technology innovation first used geographical data to create 'heat maps' of customer foot traffic patterns in physical stores?

The geography of retail has undergone dramatic transformations throughout history. From ancient marketplaces to modern digital storefronts, retail locations have shaped civilizations and economies. This trivia question explores how geography and retail technology have intersected to create one of the most influential mapping innovations for modern businesses. Test your knowledge about how retailers have leveraged geographical data to transform their operations.

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RFID tracking systems (2003)
In-store Wi-Fi analytics (2008)
Bluetooth beacon technology (2013)
Computer vision customer tracking (2015)