Which ancient civilization pioneered one of the earliest known forms of 'brand loyalty' through state-guaranteed quality marks on products?

Before digital marketing and modern retail, ancient civilizations had sophisticated commercial systems that influenced how goods were perceived, valued, and traded. From branded pottery in Rome to reputation-based marketplaces in Mesopotamia, these early practices laid the foundation for modern consumer culture. This trivia question explores how ancient civilizations built customer loyalty long before loyalty cards and digital tracking.

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Ancient Rome, with official stamps on pottery and goods that certified quality and origin
Ancient Egypt, with royal cartouches on goods that signified pharaonic approval and divine blessing
Ancient China, with imperial seals that guaranteed authenticity of silk and porcelain
Ancient Greece, with city-state emblems that indicated regional craftsmanship and materials