Which supply chain innovation was FIRST mandated for widespread use in US federal government procurement to increase transparency and reduce fraud?

Government procurement and supply chain management have evolved dramatically in recent decades. The systems used to manage public sector purchasing, inventory, and logistics reflect changing priorities in transparency, efficiency, and accountability. This trivia question tests your knowledge of how modern governments have adapted retail supply chain concepts to public sector operations.

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Blockchain-based contract verification (2018)
Universal Product Code (UPC) scanning systems (1975)
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) procurement systems (1994)
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) asset tracking (2006)