Which ancient civilization is credited with developing the first known merchant seals that functioned similarly to modern brand logos?

Before modern marketing strategies, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated approaches to product differentiation and merchant identities. From the Agora of Athens to the bustling markets of Mesopotamia, merchants found ways to position their goods in competitive marketplaces. This trivia explores how ancient civilizations developed early concepts of what we now call brand positioning, and how these historical practices laid the foundation for modern marketing principles.

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Mesopotamians (3000 BCE), who created cylinder seals that merchants used to mark their goods as authentic
Ancient Egyptians, who used hieroglyphic cartouches to identify royal products from different pharaonic workshops
Phoenicians, whose merchants created distinctive purple-dyed textiles as their signature trade product
Ancient Greeks, who stamped amphora handles with potter's marks to distinguish premium olive oils and wines