Which gaming company first introduced the 'Battle Pass' monetization and loyalty model that has now become standard across many free-to-play games?

Customer loyalty programs have become a crucial strategy in the gaming industry, helping companies retain players and increase lifetime value. From battle passes to subscription models, these programs have evolved significantly over the years. This trivia question tests your knowledge about a groundbreaking loyalty innovation that changed how game publishers approach player retention and monetization. Can you identify which company pioneered this influential approach?

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Valve Corporation (for Dota 2)
Epic Games (for Fortnite)
Riot Games (for League of Legends)
Activision Blizzard (for Call of Duty)