Which wartime retail inventory management innovation, developed during WWII, later became a cornerstone of modern supply chain management?

During major military conflicts, retail strategies and consumer trends underwent dramatic transformations. The necessities of war often drove significant innovations in product distribution, inventory management, and consumer behavior that continue to influence modern retail practices. This trivia question explores how World War II specifically changed the retail landscape in ways that revolutionized how products reached consumers.

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Just-in-time inventory systems first developed for military logistics
Barcode scanning technology originally used for tracking artillery shells
Membership-based retail warehouses modeled after military commissaries
Automated inventory replenishment based on submarine resupply protocols