What pricing strategy did NASA ultimately adopt for the James Webb Space Telescope that contributed to its final cost growing from an initial $500 million estimate to nearly $10 billion?

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) represents one of humanity's most significant investments in space exploration technology. Its development involved complex pricing strategies and budget considerations that evolved over decades. This poll tests your knowledge about the financial aspects of this groundbreaking astronomical instrument that has revolutionized our view of the cosmos.

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Cost-plus pricing: NASA agreed to cover all development costs plus a fixed percentage profit margin for contractors, regardless of timeline extensions
Value-based pricing: The telescope's price was calculated based on the estimated scientific value of its potential discoveries
Competition-based pricing: The budget was determined by matching the European Space Agency's Extremely Large Telescope funding
Fixed-price contracting: NASA established a non-negotiable budget ceiling that contractors had to work within, preventing cost overruns