Which film studio pioneered the modern 'cinematic universe' model of brand storytelling that revolutionized franchise development in the 2000s?

In the competitive landscape of film franchises, brand storytelling has become crucial for audience retention and expansion. Studios now develop intricate narrative universes that extend beyond individual films, creating immersive brand experiences through transmedia storytelling. This poll tests your knowledge about innovative brand storytelling techniques that have transformed how film franchises engage with audiences across multiple platforms and touchpoints.

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Marvel Studios with their interconnected superhero films beginning with Iron Man (2008)
Warner Bros. with their Harry Potter franchise (2001-2011)
Universal Pictures with their Dark Universe monster franchise initiative (2017)
Lucasfilm with their Star Wars prequel trilogy (1999-2005)