Which pioneering e-commerce company first implemented dynamic pricing algorithms based on differential calculus to optimize profit margins on over 3 million products simultaneously?

The intersection of mathematics and retail has revolutionized how companies optimize pricing. Advanced algorithms analyze massive datasets to determine optimal price points that maximize profits while maintaining customer satisfaction. This poll tests your knowledge about one of the most influential mathematical retail innovations that transformed e-commerce pricing strategies.

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Amazon (with its 2001 'Mechanical Turk' system that later evolved into their dynamic pricing engine)
Walmart (with its 2003 'Price Optimization Network' that analyzed competitor data)
eBay (with its 1999 'Auction Mathematics' system that predicted optimal starting bids)
Alibaba (with its 2005 'Golden Ratio Pricing' algorithm that balanced supply chain costs)