Which architect is credited with designing the first modern enclosed shopping mall in the United States, revolutionizing retail architecture in the 1950s?

The architecture of retail spaces has evolved dramatically over the decades, transforming how we shop and interact with brands. Modern shopping malls represent one of the most significant developments in retail architecture, combining commerce, social spaces, and innovative design. This trivia question explores the origins of a revolutionary concept that forever changed retail architecture and consumer behavior.

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Victor Gruen, who designed Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota (1956)
Frank Lloyd Wright, who designed Market Square in Lake Forest, Illinois (1954)
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who designed River Oaks Shopping Center in Houston, Texas (1953)
I.M. Pei, who designed Roosevelt Field Mall in Garden City, New York (1955)