Which pricing strategy is most commonly used by publishers for advanced university-level mathematics textbooks?

The mathematics textbook industry has unique pricing models that often puzzle students and educators alike. Publishers employ various strategies to price their advanced mathematics textbooks, especially for higher education. This trivia question explores an interesting aspect of mathematical textbook pricing that reflects both market economics and publishing industry practices. Test your knowledge about how mathematics learning tools are priced in the academic marketplace!

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Premium pricing based on mathematical complexity (higher price for more complex subject matter)
Cost-plus pricing with significant markups for specialized mathematical notation and typesetting
Penetration pricing to make advanced mathematics more accessible to students
Dynamic pricing that fluctuates based on the number of mathematical theorems included