Which ancient civilization first developed a comprehensive system of product branding using distinctive symbols stamped on goods to indicate their origin and quality?

Before modern marketing strategies, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated approaches to distinguish their products in bustling marketplaces. From Phoenician merchant marks to Roman quality seals, brand positioning has ancient roots. This poll explores how early civilizations positioned their goods in competitive markets and created lasting commercial identities that influenced trading across the Mediterranean and beyond.

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Phoenicians, who marked their trade goods with unique merchant symbols that became recognized throughout the Mediterranean
Ancient Egyptians, who used hieroglyphic seals to identify royal workshop products
Romans, who implemented the 'sigillum' quality mark system for pottery and other manufactured goods
Mesopotamians, who used cylinder seals on clay packaging to identify merchant houses