Which mathematical innovation fundamentally transformed retail customer segmentation in the early 2000s, leading to the 'personalization revolution' in marketing campaigns?

The intersection of mathematics and marketing has created powerful tools for customer segmentation and targeted advertising. One particular mathematical approach revolutionized how companies understand their customers. This poll tests your knowledge of how mathematical innovations transformed retail marketing strategies and customer analytics. Do you know which mathematical technique created a paradigm shift in how retailers understand their customer base?

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Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods for behavioral prediction
Collaborative filtering algorithms using singular value decomposition
Bayesian networks for demographic classification
Fourier transform analysis of purchasing patterns