Which mathematical technique revolutionized e-commerce product recommendation systems in the early 2000s, allowing platforms like Amazon to suggest items based on user behavior patterns?

E-commerce platforms rely heavily on mathematical algorithms to optimize user experience and maximize sales. From recommendation engines to inventory management, mathematics drives modern retail technology. This trivia question explores how a specific mathematical concept revolutionized online product recommendations and transformed the e-commerce landscape.

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Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) matrix factorization
Bayesian probability networks
Markov decision processes
Monte Carlo tree search algorithms