Which 1990s technological invention is credited with making e-commerce financially viable by enabling secure online transactions?

In the world of inventions and discoveries, some technologies fundamentally transform entire industries. E-commerce has seen remarkable evolution since its inception, with certain breakthroughs serving as pivotal turning points. This poll tests your knowledge about a key technological invention that revolutionized online retail security and consumer trust. Can you identify the innovation that made modern e-commerce financially viable?

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Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption
QR code scanning technology
Cloud-based inventory management systems
Recommendation algorithm frameworks