Which mathematical concept, pioneered by a mathematician-turned-retail innovator, revolutionized e-commerce product recommendations and was first implemented at scale by Amazon in the late 1990s?

The intersection of mathematics and e-commerce has led to revolutionary advancements in how online retail platforms function. From recommendation algorithms to pricing models, mathematicians have played a crucial role in shaping the digital marketplace. This trivia question explores a significant contribution from the mathematical world that transformed online shopping experiences and product recommendation systems.

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Collaborative Filtering matrices by John McKeen
Bayesian Preference Networks by Thomas Hardin
Neural Association Mapping by Elizabeth Conway
Stochastic Purchase Prediction by Wei Zhang