Which scientific discovery led to the development of transparent sunscreen that doesn't leave a white residue?

In the world of science-based consumer products, innovation often happens at the intersection of laboratory research and market demand. Major companies invest billions in R&D to develop products that apply scientific principles to everyday problems. This poll tests your knowledge about a significant scientific advancement that revolutionized a common consumer product and created an entirely new market category.

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Nanoparticle zinc oxide formulations that absorb UV light without scattering visible light
Microencapsulation of titanium dioxide with silicone polymers
Water-soluble vitamin E derivatives with UV-absorbing properties
Fermentation-derived peptides that convert UV radiation to heat