Which mathematical technique was first implemented by Amazon in 1998 that revolutionized product recommendations and is now used by virtually all major e-commerce platforms?

E-commerce platforms rely heavily on complex mathematical algorithms to enhance user experience and drive sales. From recommendation engines to inventory optimization, these platforms incorporate advanced mathematics that most shoppers never see. This poll tests your knowledge about a significant mathematical innovation that revolutionized how online retail platforms operate and personalize shopping experiences.

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Bayesian networks for preference prediction
Neural network deep learning product matching
Markov decision processes for shopping path optimization