Which ancient civilization first implemented widespread use of product 'brand seals' to position luxury goods as authentic and high-quality in international trade?

Long before modern marketing strategies, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated systems for product distribution, brand identification, and consumer trust. From maker's marks on pottery to imperial seals guaranteeing quality, these early positioning strategies helped ancient merchants distinguish their products in bustling marketplaces. This poll tests your knowledge about how ancient civilizations implemented early forms of brand positioning and product differentiation techniques that laid the groundwork for modern marketing practices.

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Mesopotamians, who stamped cylinder seals on clay containers to indicate the producer and origin of oils and wines (c. 3000 BCE)
Romans, who used manufacturer stamps (ex officina) on pottery, metalwork, and glass to indicate workshop origin (c. 100 CE)
Ancient Chinese merchants during the Han Dynasty, who used carved seals to authenticate silk and porcelain products (c. 200 BCE)
Egyptian traders, who marked papyrus products with royal cartouches to indicate palace-approved quality (c. 1500 BCE)