Which scientific journal publisher pioneered the 'Article Processing Charge' (APC) model for open access publishing, fundamentally changing how scientific research is monetized and distributed?

The scientific community has evolved significantly in how research and findings are shared. Subscription models have transformed access to scientific knowledge, changing how researchers, institutions, and the public interact with cutting-edge information. Test your knowledge about this transformation in scientific publishing and information dissemination!

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Public Library of Science (PLOS), founded in 2001
Elsevier's ScienceDirect platform, launched in 1997
Nature Publishing Group's Scientific Reports, started in 2011
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with Science Advances in 2015