Which mathematical technique is primarily used by e-commerce recommendation systems to predict user preferences based on past behavior patterns?

In today's data-driven retail landscape, mathematics plays a crucial role in optimizing e-commerce platforms. From predictive algorithms to statistical models, mathematical approaches help retailers understand consumer behavior and improve recommendations. Test your knowledge about how mathematical concepts are applied in modern e-commerce analytics and recommendation systems!

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Euclidean geometry for spatial mapping
Differential calculus for rate optimization
Symbolic logic for binary decision trees