Which ancient civilization developed the first known complex 'brand loyalty' system using clay tokens that customers could redeem for goods, similar to modern retail loyalty programs?

Before modern e-commerce and AI-driven retail analytics, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated trade networks and commercial strategies. Their markets were hubs of innovation where merchants used creative methods to track customer preferences, predict demand, and build brand loyalty. This poll explores how ancient civilizations pioneered retail intelligence techniques that we've only recently rediscovered with modern technology.

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Mesopotamian merchants (circa 3000 BCE)
Roman market traders (circa 100 CE)
Egyptian bazaar owners (circa 1500 BCE)
Chinese Han Dynasty merchants (circa 200 BCE)