Which innovative campaign tool first allowed political campaigns to create detailed microtargeting profiles of individual voters, revolutionizing political outreach?

Government and political campaigns have increasingly adopted sophisticated retail marketing techniques to reach voters. One particular technological innovation revolutionized how political campaigns track, target, and engage potential voters. This innovation marked a significant shift in campaign strategy and has become standard practice in modern political operations. Can you identify which technology created this fundamental change in political campaigning?

This is a live public trivia poll on AIPolls.Net. Vote and see real-time results.

Project Narwhal (2012) - Obama campaign's integrated database that merged voter data, donation history, social media, and field activities
ORCA System (2012) - Romney campaign's voter turnout tracking platform designed to monitor Election Day voting patterns
Cambridge Analytica's psychographic profiling (2016) - which claimed to use psychological profiling to target voters based on personality traits
The Constituent Gateway (2008) - McCain campaign's centralized voter identification database focused on swing state voter demographics