Which ancient civilization first used standardized seals on merchandise as an early form of retail branding to guarantee authenticity and origin of traded goods?

Before modern logos and trademarks existed, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated methods to distinguish their products in marketplaces. Merchants needed ways to build trust, establish authenticity, and create recognition for their goods across vast trading networks. This poll explores how ancient civilizations pioneered early forms of retail branding that would later evolve into the marketing strategies we recognize today.

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Ancient Egypt, with hieroglyphic cartouches on pottery to mark royal workshop production
Mesopotamia, with cylinder seals pressed into clay tags attached to traded goods
Ancient Rome, with maker's marks stamped on ceramics and metalwork
Ancient China, with identifying chops (stamps) on silk and porcelain products