Which ancient civilization invented the first known retail 'brand strategy' by marking their products with distinctive seals that guaranteed quality and origin?

Long before modern shopping malls and online marketplaces, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated retail systems and marketing techniques. From the bustling agoras of Greece to the complex trade networks of Mesopotamia, retail strategies shaped economies and societies. Test your knowledge about the earliest forms of commerce and how ancient merchants attracted customers, set prices, and built their brands in the cradle of civilization.

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Mesopotamians, who stamped clay tablets with merchant seals to authenticate goods traded along the Tigris and Euphrates
Ancient Egyptians, who marked papyrus products with royal cartouches to indicate items made for pharaonic households
Phoenicians, who painted unique purple insignias on their trade goods to distinguish them from competitors
Indus Valley merchants, who used standardized weights and pictographic tags to certify their merchandise