Which mathematical concept is NOT commonly used in retail personalization algorithms that generate product recommendations?

In the world of retail mathematics, sophisticated algorithms drive personalization systems that boost sales performance. Behind these recommendation engines lies complex mathematical modeling that transforms customer behavior into actionable insights. This poll tests your knowledge of how mathematical principles are applied in cutting-edge retail personalization systems that major retailers use to maximize revenue and enhance customer experience.

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Markov Decision Processes
Bayesian Probability Networks
Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem
Cosine Similarity Measurements