Which ancient civilization invented tamper-evident clay seals on product packaging that functioned as both security features and brand identifiers for merchants?

Before modern shopping malls and e-commerce, ancient civilizations had sophisticated retail experiences and brand management. From the agoras of Greece to the forums of Rome and the bazaars of Mesopotamia, merchants developed distinctive packaging, logos, and customer experiences. This poll tests your knowledge about how ancient retailers differentiated their products and created memorable brand identities in marketplaces that thrived thousands of years ago.

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Mesopotamian (specifically Babylonian) merchants, who used unique seal impressions to mark authentic goods circa 3000 BCE
Ancient Egyptian traders, who developed papyrus wrapping with hieroglyphic seals to prevent counterfeit luxury goods
Roman retailers, who pioneered the use of wax seals with merchant insignias to guarantee product authenticity
Phoenician traders, who created colored glass seals as the first tamper-evident packaging for Mediterranean exports