Which ancient Roman retail innovation is considered the earliest prototype of the modern shopping mall?

Before modern shopping malls and e-commerce, ancient civilizations had sophisticated commercial centers that revolutionized retail. From the grand bazaars of Mesopotamia to the complex trading networks of Rome, these early retail innovations shaped commerce for millennia to come. Test your knowledge about the famous marketplaces and retail centers that served as the commercial hubs of the ancient world and how they influenced modern retail concepts.

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Trajan's Market, a multi-level complex with over 150 shops and offices
The Forum Venalium, an open-air marketplace specializing in exotic imported goods
The Mercatus Palatinus, a royal shopping district exclusively for patricians
The Emporium Maximus, a riverside commercial complex focused on grain distribution