Which retail innovation, first widely implemented in the 1860s, revolutionized pricing strategy by eliminating haggling and introducing consistent pricing for all customers?

The history of retail pricing strategies has shaped how we shop today. Before modern techniques emerged, pricing was often inconsistent and negotiable. The introduction of systematic pricing revolutionized shopping experiences and established consumer trust. This poll explores a pivotal moment in retail history that transformed how products were sold and valued across the market. Test your knowledge of this fundamental shift in commercial practice!

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Fixed price policy (introduced by John Wanamaker's department store)
Variable seasonal pricing (pioneered by Marshall Field's)
Membership-based differential pricing (created by F.W. Woolworth)
Time-based surge pricing (developed by Montgomery Ward)