Which mathematical technique is MOST commonly used in modern retail recommendation systems that personalize product suggestions based on customer purchase history?

In today's data-driven retail environment, mathematical models drive personalized shopping experiences. From recommendation algorithms to inventory optimization, mathematics provides the foundation for effective retail personalization. This trivia question tests your knowledge of how mathematical concepts are applied to create tailored shopping experiences that boost customer retention and sales performance.

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Differential calculus for trend prediction
Bayesian probability without machine learning integration
Euclidean geometry for store layout optimization