Which military technology development directly led to the creation of modern barcode systems used in retail inventory management worldwide?

The military has pioneered many technologies that later revolutionized the retail and consumer product landscape. From the internet to GPS, military innovations have shaped how we shop and how products are marketed. This poll tests your knowledge about a significant military development that transformed the retail world in ways few people realize.

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RFID technology developed for tracking Soviet submarines
Railroad logistics systems developed during the American Civil War
WWII-era Drexel Institute project for automated reading of artillery shell information
Vietnam-era supply chain management software for helicopter parts