Which mathematical concept revolutionized retail recommendation systems by allowing companies to predict customer preferences based on similarities in past behaviors?

In the intersection of mathematics and retail marketing lies a fascinating world where numbers drive consumer behavior. Mathematical models have revolutionized how retailers understand, target, and convert customers. This poll tests your knowledge about a groundbreaking mathematical concept that transformed retail recommendation systems and personalized marketing. Can you identify the mathematical technique that powers some of today's most sophisticated product recommendation engines?

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Bayesian probability networks
Markov decision processes
Monte Carlo tree search algorithms