Which ancient civilization invented the first known system of branded merchandise with official seals that guaranteed quality and origin, creating customer loyalty across their vast trading empire?

Before modern retail and e-commerce, ancient civilizations had their own sophisticated trading systems with recognizable 'brands' that built loyalty over centuries. Certain artisans, regions, and merchant families became known for particular goods across vast trade networks. This poll explores how ancient civilizations created brand recognition and customer loyalty through methods that would be familiar to modern marketers.

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The Phoenicians with their purple-dyed textiles marked by merchant family seals
Ancient Egyptians with their royal cartouche-stamped pottery and goods
The Romans with their 'ex officina' pottery stamps and amphora maker's marks
The Han Dynasty Chinese with their government-authorized workshop seals on silk, pottery, and bronze goods