Which ancient civilization first used branded clay seals as a form of product authentication and merchant identification in their marketplace goods?

The marketplaces of ancient civilizations were centers of innovation and branding that laid the groundwork for modern retail practices. From the agoras of Greece to the forums of Rome and the bazaars of Mesopotamia, ancient merchants developed sophisticated techniques to distinguish their goods and build customer loyalty. This trivia challenges your knowledge about the retail and branding practices that have survived for millennia.

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Mesopotamia (3000 BCE)
Ancient Egypt (2500 BCE)
Indus Valley (2300 BCE)
Ancient China (1600 BCE)