Which pioneering retail mapping technology first allowed stores to create accurate 'heat maps' of customer movement patterns without requiring shoppers to use mobile apps or carry tracking devices?

In today's retail landscape, understanding the spatial aspects of customer journeys is crucial for optimizing store layouts and enhancing the shopping experience. Different regions and cultural contexts influence how customers navigate physical retail spaces. This trivia question explores an innovative geographical approach to tracking and analyzing in-store customer movement that revolutionized retail analytics.

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Computer vision ceiling sensors that anonymously track movement patterns using infrared technology
RFID chips embedded in shopping carts that transmit location data to central monitoring systems
Wi-Fi triangulation that monitors signal strength from smartphones to determine shopper locations
Pressure-sensitive floor tiles that record footfall patterns throughout the retail environment