Which mathematical concept revolutionized retail personalization algorithms by enabling the 'Netflix Prize'-winning collaborative filtering approach?

In the retail world, mathematics plays a crucial role in personalizing customer experiences. Advanced algorithms analyze shopping patterns, predict behaviors, and optimize product recommendations. Behind these systems are sophisticated mathematical models that have transformed how retailers understand and respond to consumer preferences. This poll tests your knowledge about one of the most influential mathematical innovations in modern retail personalization.

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Matrix factorization and singular value decomposition (SVD)
Bayesian probability networks
K-means clustering algorithms
Random forest decision trees