Which mathematical concept revolutionized online retail recommendation systems and is now used by major e-commerce platforms to suggest products based on purchase patterns?

The intersection of mathematics and retail has transformed how businesses analyze customer behavior, optimize pricing strategies, and enhance the shopping experience. Advanced algorithms and statistical models now power everything from inventory management to personalized marketing. How well do you understand the mathematical innovations driving modern retail technology?

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Bayesian inference for customer segmentation
Markov decision processes for inventory management
Monte Carlo simulations for price optimization