Which ancient civilization first introduced the concept of a shopping mall with specialized vendor sections, covered walkways, and a central courtyard for community gathering?

Before modern shopping malls and e-commerce, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated retail systems that shaped commerce for millennia. From Mesopotamian bazaars to Roman macellum markets, innovative retail concepts emerged that would influence shopping behaviors across history. This poll explores a fascinating retail innovation that revolutionized how people shopped in the ancient world and continues to influence modern commercial spaces today.

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Ancient Rome with their multi-story Trajan's Market featuring over 150 shops and administrative offices
Ancient Egypt with their Nilotic Bazaars that separated vendors by trade guilds and featured cooling water channels
Ancient Greece with their columned Agora marketplaces that organized merchants by imported goods origin
Ancient Babylon with their ziggurat-adjacent markets featuring roofed promenades and merchant licensing systems