Which digital campaign innovation first allowed political campaigns to precisely target individual voters based on their online behavior and preferences at scale?

Political campaigns have dramatically evolved in their use of technology and data analytics. From traditional door-knocking to sophisticated digital microtargeting, the tools used to reach voters have transformed modern politics. Test your knowledge about a groundbreaking technological advancement that changed how political campaigns identify and communicate with potential voters.

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The Obama campaign's 'Project Narwhal' data integration platform (2012)
The Bush campaign's 'Voter Vault' database (2004)
The Clinton campaign's 'ChapStick' mobile canvassing app (2016)
The McCain campaign's 'Themis' social media targeting system (2008)