Which ancient civilization first developed standardized product packaging with branded seals to guarantee authenticity and prevent counterfeiting of their exported goods?

While we often think of product design as a modern concept, ancient civilizations were remarkably innovative in creating and marketing their goods. From specialized pottery designed for specific uses to luxury items traded across continents, ancient merchants understood the importance of distinctive design elements that would appeal to their customers. This poll tests your knowledge about product design innovations in ancient civilizations that influenced commerce and trade routes for centuries.

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Roman Empire, with stamped ceramic containers for garum (fish sauce) and olive oil
Mesopotamian merchants, with clay bullae (sealed envelopes) containing product tokens
Ancient Egypt, with hieroglyph-marked alabaster containers for perfumes and cosmetics
Indus Valley Civilization, with steatite seals on standardized weights and trade goods