Which subscription model innovation disrupted traditional scientific publishing by allowing researchers to publish open access while having the journal cover Article Processing Charges (APCs)?

The scientific publishing industry has undergone dramatic changes in recent decades, particularly with the rise of open access models and subscription services. Major scientific journals have had to adapt their business models to accommodate both institutional subscribers and individual researchers. This poll tests your knowledge about a significant shift in scientific journal subscription models that changed how research is accessed worldwide.

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Read and Publish (RAP) agreements, where institutions pay a single fee covering both subscription access and open access publishing for their researchers
Pay-per-view model, where researchers only pay for individual articles they need to access rather than full journal subscriptions
Hybrid subscription model, where authors must always pay APCs in addition to the institution's subscription costs
Freemium subscription model, where basic research papers are free but premium research papers require payment