What is the minimum number of colors needed to create a political map where no adjacent regions share the same color?

In the world of geographic product design, cartographers and mapmakers have developed fascinating conventions that shape how we visualize our world. One particularly interesting aspect is the careful selection of colors used in mapping products. This trivia question explores a fundamental principle that has influenced map design for generations and continues to impact digital mapping platforms today.

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3 colors
4 colors
5 colors
6 colors