Which mathematical algorithm was first widely adopted by major retailers around 2010 for purchase prediction modeling, significantly improving personalized recommendation systems?

Modern retail has been transformed by mathematical models and algorithms that power data analytics platforms. These sophisticated systems help retailers make better decisions about inventory, pricing, customer segmentation, and more. This trivia question explores a significant mathematical technique that revolutionized retail predictive analytics and its widespread adoption timeline.

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Gradient Boosting Decision Trees
Convolutional Neural Networks
Hidden Markov Models
K-means Clustering