Which ancient civilization pioneered the concept of 'brand loyalty' through official seals on products that guaranteed quality and authenticity to distant customers?

Before modern advertising campaigns and digital marketing, ancient civilizations had their own sophisticated methods of product promotion and brand recognition. From royal endorsements to distinctive symbols that created instant recognition, these early marketing techniques laid the foundation for today's branding strategies. Test your knowledge about how ancient merchants and rulers built loyalty and spread their influence through early forms of 'brand management'.

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Roman Empire (using 'Ex Officina' stamps on pottery and goods)
Mesopotamia (using cylinder seals on clay tablets for commercial transactions)
Ancient Egypt (using cartouches on exported luxury items)
Han Dynasty China (using imperial marks on silk and porcelain exports)