Which design innovation was MOST crucial in transforming pulse oximeters from large hospital machines to the small finger-clip devices commonly used today?

Pulse oximeters have become essential tools in healthcare settings worldwide, especially highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic. These non-invasive devices measure blood oxygen saturation and have undergone significant design evolution over decades. This trivia question explores a critical product design innovation that transformed pulse oximeters from specialized hospital equipment to widely accessible medical tools. Test your knowledge about medical product design that has saved countless lives!

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The development of reflectance-based technology that measures oxygen through light bounced back from tissue rather than requiring light to pass through the body part
The invention of LED light sources that replaced larger incandescent bulbs, dramatically reducing power requirements and device size
The integration of Bluetooth technology allowing wireless transmission of data to smartphones and other monitoring devices
The implementation of disposable adhesive sensors that eliminated the need for permanent hardware components in contact with patients